| Solar panel | Photovoltaic module act as components that convert sunlight into electricity using PV cells. These are an green and sustainable energy source, minimizing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar thermal collector is a device that absorbs sunlight to produce heat, typically used for hot water production or space heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses sun rays to generate thermal energy, which can be used for water heating, space warming, or electricity generation. It is a sustainable and sustainable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic country in the United Kingdom known for its rich cultural heritage, iconic landmarks, and lively urban areas like London. It boasts a varied landscape of gentle slopes, historic forts, and bustling urban centers that mix heritage with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Solar light is the natural light emitted by the sun, crucial for living organisms on Earth as it provides fuel for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a type of energy resulting from the motion of ions, primarily negatively charged particles. It fuels numerous appliances and infrastructures, supporting today’s lifestyle and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a opposite electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the unidirectional stream of electric charge, generally produced by batteries, power sources, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, making it necessary for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a unit that holds chemical energy and transforms it into electrical energy to power various electronic gadgets. It comprises several electrochemical units, each containing positive and negative electrodes separated by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A solar power system converts solar radiation immediately into power using solar panels composed of solar cells. It is an environmentally friendly power solution that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and supports sustainable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a instrument that converts DC produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic use and grid integration. It is essential for enhancing energy performance and ensuring secure, consistent power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that reverses polarity periodically, generally used in domestic and commercial power supplies. It enables optimal transmission of electricity over great lengths and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that regulates the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from overcharging and damage. It provides optimal energy flow and extends the lifespan of the battery array. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a device used to determine the dimension, amount, or degree of something accurately. It includes gadgets like rulers, climate gauges, and pressure gauges that provide precise readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a system that automatically its orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement during the day, maximizing energy absorption. This innovation improves the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are large-scale facilities that utilize sunlight to produce electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They provide a sustainable and renewable energy resource, cutting down reliance on carbon-based fuels and reducing pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves installing photovoltaic panels on building roofs to produce electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps cut down on reliance on non-renewable fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-connected photovoltaic system transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It improves energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar satellite is an artificial satellite equipped with photovoltaic panels that collect sunlight and convert it into electricity. This energy is then transmitted wirelessly to Earth for application as an eco-friendly power supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems save excess electricity generated from green sources or the grid for future use, enhancing energy self-sufficiency and effectiveness. These installations typically utilize batteries to deliver backup power, lower energy expenses, and support grid stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar panels tracks the progress and advancements in solar power tech from the initial finding of the photovoltaic effect to current advanced solar panels. It features major milestones, including the creation of the first silicon solar cell in 1954 and continuous innovations that have substantially boosted energy conversion and cost-effectiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French physicist famous for his pioneering work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and luminescence. His tests laid the basis for grasping how radiation interacts with particular substances to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a British electrician and researcher known for discovering the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His research laid the foundation for the development of the photoconductive cell and advancements in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an free platform used for automating web browsers, allowing testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an US inventor who developed the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work established the foundation for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-powered power plant generates electricity by combusting coal to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductor. His work laid the foundation for modern photovoltaic technology and the creation of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a renowned R&D organization long-standing associated with AT&T, known for groundbreaking innovations in communications, computer science, and materials science. It has been the birthplace of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, well known for its key role in the manufacturing of electronic components and solar cells. It is a solid, fragile solid material with a bluish-gray metallic luster, primarily used as a electronic component in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a compact device installed on each solar module to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This approach improves system efficiency, allows for better performance monitoring, and increases energy yield in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar panel is a component that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is commonly used in solar panels to supply a green and eco-friendly energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that offers renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon acts as a elementary particle representing a unit of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum without having rest mass. It serves a key role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, enabling phenomena like reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the phenomenon by which specific substances convert sunlight straight into electricity through the creation of electron-hole pairs. This event is the core concept behind solar panel systems, enabling the utilization of solar energy for electricity production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electronics is a thin slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the substrate for manufacturing integrated circuits. It functions as the main platform where integrated circuits are built through methods like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic components due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its structured, systematic crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of solar power system characterized by their light, bendable structure, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a more affordable price. They use layers of semiconductor materials a few micrometers thick to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the weight of structural elements and stationary equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as people, furniture, and environmental factors. Both are critical considerations in building planning to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components sequentially, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits link components across the identical voltage source, allowing several paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's overall resistance, current spread, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy refers to the velocity at which electric power is transferred by an electric circuit, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. Created through multiple sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear, and renewable energy, and crucial for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a unit of energy conversion in the SI system, indicating the rate of energy movement or transformation. It is the same as one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic pressure difference between two points, which drives the movement of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in V and indicates the power per unit charge available to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A voltage is the derived unit of electrical potential, electric potential difference, and voltage in the SI system. It measures the voltage per coulomb between locations in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the passage of electrical charge through a metal wire, commonly measured in amps. It is necessary for powering electronic gadgets and allowing the functioning of electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere represents the measure of electric current in the SI units, represented by A. It measures the movement of electric charge through a circuit over a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the level of electrical power or current demanded by devices and Electrical load in a circuit. It influences the design and power of power systems to ensure safe and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical casing used to safely house wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a uniform photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a safe and trustworthy manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a convenient and standardized method of delivering electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is frequently used for powering and feeding a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a unit that changes DC from inputs like batteries or solar arrays into AC suitable for domestic gadgets. It allows the use of regular electrical equipment in environments where only DC energy is available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack is an collection of several individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for multiple devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically align the orientation of solar panels to monitor the solar trajectory throughout the 24 hours, maximizing power intake. This innovation increases the effectiveness of photovoltaic energy harvesting by keeping optimal panel positioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to maximize the power output of photovoltaic systems by constantly tuning the performance point to match the optimal power point of the solar panels. This process provides the highest efficiency power harvesting, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually improving the performance of each solar panel. It improves overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A photovoltaic performance monitor is a tool that monitors and examines the effectiveness of solar power systems in instantaneous, delivering valuable data on power output and system status. It helps maximize solar power generation by spotting problems ahead of time and securing maximum performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are lightweight, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are typically used in solar arrays to power homes, appliances, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of countless small silicon crystal structures, commonly used in solar modules and semiconductor manufacturing. Its production involves liquefying and recrystallizing silicon to generate a pure, polycrystalline type appropriate for microelectronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a ultra-pure form of silicon with a uniform crystal framework, making it highly efficient for use in solar panels and electronic components. Its uniform framework allows for improved electron flow, resulting in higher performance compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics constitute a type of thin-film solar technology that provides a affordable and high-performance option for large-scale solar energy generation. They are known as their great absorption capability and comparatively affordable manufacturing costs compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are flexible solar devices that use a multi-layered compound of copper, indium, Ga, and Se to convert sunlight into energy efficiently. They are noted for their great absorption efficiency, flexibility, and capability for compact, affordable solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Non-crystalline silicon is a non-ordered atomic arrangement, making it more flexible and simpler to apply than crystalline silicon. It is often used in thin-film solar cells and electronic systems due to its affordability and versatile characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic panels aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing cutting-edge materials and new techniques such as stacked stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, lowering costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar panels are innovative photovoltaic modules that use various p-n connections layered in tandem to absorb a wider range of the solar spectrum, significantly boosting their efficiency. These are mostly applied in space satellites and high-performance solar power systems due to their outstanding energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft are vital components that convert solar radiation into electricity to power onboard systems. Generally lightweight, long-lasting, and crafted to function effectively in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of several elements, typically involving a metal and a non-metallic element, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound-based semiconductor known for its great electron mobility and effectiveness in high-speed and optoelectronic applications. It is often used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV use lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight onto highly efficient multi-band solar cells, greatly enhancing energy transformation efficiency. This technique is suitable for massive solar power plants in regions with sunny sunlight, delivering a cost-effective solution for large-scale energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Flexible silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its lightweight and bendable form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a thin film of CuInGaSe2 as the solar semiconductor, known for high efficiency and adaptability. They offer a portable, budget-friendly alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with reliable operation in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a delicate layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in multiple technological uses. These layers are essential in electronics, optics, and films for their particular physical and chemical features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness sunlight to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a sustainable and cost-effective energy solution. They help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a stratum of substance spanning a few nanometers to several micrometers in dimension, often placed on surfaces for purposeful functions. These films are used in diverse fields, including electronic devices, optics, and medicine, to modify surface characteristics or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are units of measurement the same as one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to describe minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Micrometers are accurate devices used to precisely measure minute thicknesses or widths, generally in machining and fabrication. They feature a scaled screw mechanism that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon substrate is a narrow, round slice of silicon crystal used as the foundation for fabricating semiconductor devices. It acts as the core material in the production of semiconductor chips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are flexible solar units known for their excellent performance and flexibility, ideal for multiple fields. They use a multilayer layered semiconductor setup that converts sunlight straight into electricity with remarkable efficiency in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a type of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its multiple crystal grains that give it a grainy appearance. It is known for being affordable and having a relatively high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert sun rays directly into energy using solar panels, offering a sustainable energy source for household, business, and large-scale applications. They offer a environmentally friendly, sustainable, and economical way to decrease reliance on non-renewable energy sources and lower greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a photovoltaic device that turns sunlight into electricity using a light-reactive dye to absorb light and create electron flow. It offers a affordable and adaptable alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for see-through and thin applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This approach offers the potential for lower-cost, adaptable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are solar cells that utilize organic materials, to convert solar radiation into electricity. They are compact, flexible, and provide lower-cost, extensive solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Cu) Zinc Tin Sulfide is a promising photovoltaic substance used in thin-film solar panels due to its abundant and non-toxic elements. Its favorable photo-electronic properties make it an attractive alternative for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of construction components, such as roof surfaces, building exteriors, and windows. This cutting-edge approach enhances energy performance while maintaining visual attractiveness and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to pass through a material with little distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency permits light to scatter through, making detailed visibility obscured but yet still permitting shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window tinting involves applying a light film to the interior or exterior of cars or structures glazing to reduce glare, heat, and UV radiation. It improves privacy, increases energy efficiency, and gives a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of solar power stations overview various massive solar energy facilities around the world, demonstrating their output and locations. These stations function a crucial role in green energy production and international efforts to reduce carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are large-scale installations that turn sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. They are crucial in sustainable power creation, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of problems such as pollution, climate change, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires joint initiatives to promote green approaches and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from environmentally friendly sources that are renewably replenished, such as sunlight, air currents, and hydroelectric power. It offers a sustainable option to non-renewable energy sources, minimizing environmental harm and enhancing lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as bituminous coal, petroleum, and natural gas, are limited reserves formed over millions of years and are depleted when used. They are the chief power sources for electricity generation and transportation but pose ecological and environmental and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various power sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear energy, and renewable resources into electrical energy. This process typically occurs in electricity plants where rotating machinery and generators work together to produce electricity for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are dense, poisonous elements such as lead, Hg, cadmium, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar-cell efficiency measures how well a photovoltaic device transforms sunlight into usable power. Boosting this Solar-cell efficiency is crucial for increasing renewable energy generation and cutting reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when light shining on a metal ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This occurrence provided critical proof for the development of quantum physics by showing that photon energy is quantized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Rapid life testing involves exposing products to increased stresses to rapidly assess their durability and predict their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of solar energy systems has quickened rapidly over the past ten years, driven by technological progress and cost reductions. This expansion is revolutionizing the world energy sector by raising the portion of clean solar power in electricity generation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power installations designed to generate electricity on a industrial scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover large areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A lens is a transparent component that bending light to converge or spread out rays, forming images. It is frequently used in equipment like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an approaching light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the point of contact. It controls how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a thin layer applied to vision surfaces to minimize reflections and increase light flow. It enhances the clarity and illumination of screens by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that that their amplitudes counteract each other, resulting in a diminution or complete elimination of the combined wave. This phenomenon typically happens when the waveforms are not in phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC is an electric current that periodically reverses, commonly employed in electrical distribution networks. The voltage fluctuates following a sine wave throughout its cycle, enabling cost-effective transfer over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A individual inverter is a small component used to transform direct current (DC) from a single solar panel into AC suitable for domestic use. It enhances system performance by optimizing power output at the module level and streamlines setup and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or AC power, is electricity delivered through a setup where the potential difference and current cyclically reverse orientation, enabling cost-effective transmission over extended ranges. It is frequently used in residences and factories to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a type of electrical plug used to provide DC power from a power source to an electronic equipment. It generally consists of a round plug and socket that ensure a firm and dependable attachment for different electronic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | UL is a worldwide security validation agency that assesses and approves products to ensure they meet particular safety norms. It supports consumers and businesses find trustworthy and protected products through thorough evaluation and analysis procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electronic networks in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current flow. In this setup, the constant electric current passes through all components, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electrical circuits where components are connected between the same voltage source, giving multiple channels for current flow. This configuration allows components to operate separately, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode serves as a solid-state device that permits current to flow in a single direction only, acting as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12-volt, designed to supply electrical energy for different devices and add-ons within a vehicle. It enables users to charge electronic gadgets or run small appliances when on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for connecting devices to computing systems, facilitating data transfer and power supply. It supports a variety of hardware such as keyboards, mouses, external storage, and smartphones, with multiple generations providing faster speeds and upgraded features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell turns into generated energy. Boosting this efficiency plays a key role in increasing energy production and making solar power affordable and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to R&D in green energy and energy efficiency technologies. It is committed to advancing innovations in solar, wind power, bioenergy, and other sustainable energy sources to promote a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses the entire range of electromagnetic radiation, ranging from radio waves to gamma rays, all possessing diverse lengths and energy levels. This range is fundamental to numerous technological applications and the natural world, enabling data exchange, diagnostic imaging, and understanding of the outer space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a kind of EM radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily produced by the sun. It plays a key role in including vitamin D synthesis but can also lead to skin injury and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color design based on variations of a sole hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create balance and accord. This composition approach emphasizes simplicity and elegance by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, generally measured in watts per square meter. It is a key parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the strength of sunlight reaching a specific surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a unit of measurement used to measure the intensity of radiation or energy flow received or emitted over a specific surface, frequently in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in understanding the dispersion and conveyance of power across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of various colors or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, visible or alternatively. It is commonly used to describe the dispersion of light or signal bandwidths in multiple scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a big volume of atmosphere with fairly even temperature and humidity features, deriving from from particular origin areas. These airmass influence weather systems and sky conditions as they pass through diverse areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar power is the quantification of the energy per square kilometer received from the solar source in the type of electromagnetic radiation. It fluctuates with solar cycles and atmospheric factors on Earth, influencing climate and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in solar energy refers to the buildup of dust, and impurities on the panels of solar panels, which decreases their efficiency. Routine maintenance and care are essential to minimize energy waste and ensure maximum performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage represents the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when no current is flowing, taken across its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the maximum electrical current that passes through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, takes place, bypassing the normal load. It presents a considerable safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a assessment of the maximum power output of a solar panel under optimal sunlight conditions. It indicates the panel's peak capacity to produce electricity in typical testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A electrical potential meter is an electronic device used to determine the electrical potential between two points in a circuit. It is frequently utilized in different electrical and electronic fields to ensure proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a problem in photovoltaic modules where elevated voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in power generation and performance. It occurs due to current leakage and ion migration within the solar cell materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a metalloid element essential for plant growth and applied in various industrial uses, like glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It possesses special chemical traits that cause it useful in creating long-lasting, heatproof materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring ideal tilt and alignment for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a robust and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant collects sunlight using large arrays of photovoltaic solar panels to generate renewable electricity. It provides an environmentally friendly energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the combined method of utilizing land for both solar energy generation and farming, making the most of space and resources. This method enhances crop production while at the same time generating renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are solar energy devices designed to harvest sunlight using both surfaces, improving overall energy production. They are commonly positioned in a way that improves effectiveness by utilizing albedo effect and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a installation that provides cover while creating electricity through built-in solar panels. It is often installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a group of multiple solar modules configured to generate electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in green energy setups to deliver clean, eco-friendly power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a framework that provides shade and shelter from the weather for outdoor living spaces. It improves the practicality and visual charm of a terrace, making it a pleasant area for leisure and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to represent the position of objects in the heavens relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise from a reference direction, typically true north, to the line connecting an viewer to a destination. It is frequently used in routing, surveying, and astronomy to specify the bearing of an target with respect to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to harsh weather conditions and potential bodily injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a electronic material widely used in thin film solar panels due to its high efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It demonstrates superb optical features, making it a common option for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A directory of photovoltaics companies showcases the major manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions globally. These companies play a crucial role in driving solar energy implementation and advancement across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a measure of energy output equal to a billion W, used to quantify big energy output and consumption. It is generally associated with power plants, electricity networks, and major energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a worldwide leader in solar PV power solutions, focused on manufacturing thin film solar modules that deliver high efficiency and low-cost energy production. The organization is committed to sustainable energy development and reducing the global dependence on fossil fuels through innovative solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in seamlessly linking various elements of industrial and automation systems to boost performance and dependability. It focuses on building advanced solutions that promote smooth communication and cooperation among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a prominent Chinese-based firm specializing in producing and developing photovoltaic solar items and systems. Famous for its advanced technology and green energy projects within the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of power equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, often used to indicate the potential of large-scale electricity production or consumption. It emphasizes the immense power scale involved in contemporary energy framework and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Knowledge curve effects refer to the concept where the cost per unit of production reduces as overall production rises, due to learning curve and optimization achieved over time. This concept highlights the importance of accumulated experience in lowering costs and boosting output in industrial processes and other processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaic systems turn sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This method is a clean, renewable energy source that helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of producing solar or wind energy is equal to or lower than the expense of buying power from the electric grid. Achieving grid parity means that sustainable energy technologies are financially comparable with conventional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the standard electrical power supplied to homes and enterprises through a system of power lines, delivering a dependable source of energy for numerous appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, depending on the region, and is delivered through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) includes all elements of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is vital for securing the effective and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is captured from the sun's rays using solar cells to generate electricity or through solar heating systems to generate heat. It is a sustainable, eco-friendly, and eco-conscious power supply that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in domestic, corporate, and industrial environments to create green, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, delivering green energy solutions where standard power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of sun-powered products features a selection of gadgets that capture sunlight to generate energy, supporting green and sustainable living. These items include covering solar chargers and lights to household devices and outdoor equipment, providing flexible options for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An photovoltaic power station is a facility that converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a renewable energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on non-renewable energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV use lenses or mirrors focusing sunlight on high-performance photovoltaic cells, greatly enhancing power output from a smaller area. This approach is particularly effective in areas with direct, strong sunlight and provides a viable solution to lowering the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
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