| Solar panel | Solar panel are instruments that transform sunlight into using PV cells. These are an green and alternative energy source, minimizing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar energy collector is a device that captures sunlight to produce heat, usually used for water heating or space heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses sunlight to generate heat, which can be used for hot water production, space heating, or power generation. It is a sustainable and renewable technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the United Kingdom known for its abundant cultural traditions, iconic landmarks, and lively urban areas like the capital. It boasts a diverse terrain of undulating terrain, ancient castles, and busy metropolitan areas that mix history with contemporary advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the environmental illumination emitted by the star, vital for living organisms on Earth as it supplies power for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and increasing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a type of power resulting from the flow of ions, primarily negatively charged particles. It drives numerous appliances and infrastructures, supporting today’s lifestyle and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a sustainable energy source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a negative electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the unidirectional movement of electric charge, generally produced by battteries, electrical sources, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, rendering it necessary for electronic devices and low-voltage applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it into electrical energy to run various electronic devices. It comprises one or more galvanic cells, each housing electrode pairs separated by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An solar power system converts solar radiation immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of solar cells. It is an green energy option that minimizes reliance on fossil fuels and supports renewable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a instrument that converts direct current (DC) created by solar panels into alternating current (AC) appropriate for home use and grid connection. It is vital for optimizing energy use and providing secure, reliable power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that reverses direction cyclically, generally used in domestic and business power supplies. It allows for efficient transmission of electricity over great lengths and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that manages the voltage and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and harm. It provides optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a device used to determine the dimension, quantity, or intensity of something accurately. It includes instruments like rulers, thermometers, and manometers that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a mechanism that automatically adjusts the orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement during the day, increasing energy absorption. This technology boosts the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are large-scale installations that capture sunlight to generate electricity using many solar panels. They offer a green and sustainable energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves placing photovoltaic solar panels on building rooftops to create electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps reduce reliance on non-renewable fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-tied photovoltaic system transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like burning fossil fuels and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A space-based solar power system is an artificial satellite equipped with solar arrays that absorb sunlight and transform into electrical energy. This electricity is then beamed to Earth for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems save excess power generated from green sources or the grid for future use, improving energy self-sufficiency and efficiency. These installations typically utilize batteries to deliver backup energy, cut down energy expenses, and assist grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The timeline of solar panels tracks the progress and improvements in solar energy technology from the early invention of the photovoltaic effect to modern high-performance solar arrays. It showcases major innovations, including the creation of the first silicon solar cell in 1954 and persistent innovations that have significantly enhanced power transformation and cost-effectiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of the photoelectric effect and luminescence. His experiments laid the foundation for understanding how light interacts with specific substances to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a UK electrical engineer and researcher known for finding out the photo-conductive property of selenium in 1873. His work laid the foundation for the development of the photoconductive cell and progress in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an open-source platform used for automating web browsers, enabling testers to mimic user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of light reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an United States inventor who invented the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work established the groundwork for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-powered power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce vapor that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with finding the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductor materials. His work formed the basis of modern photovoltaic technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a prestigious research and development entity traditionally associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in telecommunications, computing, and materials research. It has been the origin of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and 14, well known for its key role in the fabrication of electronics and solar panels. It is a solid, brittle crystalline substance with a steel-gray metallic luster, primarily used as a semiconductor in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a compact unit installed on each solar module to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This method increases system effectiveness, enables enhanced performance oversight, and boosts energy production in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A photovoltaic cell is a component that converts sunlight immediately into electricity through the photoelectric effect. It is frequently used in solar arrays to offer a renewable and eco-friendly energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts over sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that provides eco-friendly power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon is a basic particle that represents a packet of light and other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum without containing rest mass. It serves a crucial role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the phenomenon by which particular compounds transform sunlight straight into electricity through the creation of electron-hole pairs. This phenomenon is the basic foundation behind solar cell technology, enabling the capturing of solar solar power for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electrical engineering is a thin slice of chip material, typically silicon, used as the substrate for manufacturing integrated circuits. It functions as the primary platform where integrated circuits are built through processes like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic devices due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its structured, systematic crystal lattice enables optimal electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar power system characterized by their light, bendable structure, and capacity for large-area manufacturing at a more affordable price. They use layers of semiconductor materials just several micrometers in thickness to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the static forces exerted by the mass of building components and stationary equipment, while live loads are movable forces such as people, fixtures, and weather conditions. Both are essential considerations in structural design to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components end-to-end, so the identical current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits link components across the identical voltage source, permitting various paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's overall resistance, current spread, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electrical circuit, primarily for running devices and appliances. Created through diverse origins such as coal, oil, and natural gas, atomic energy, and sustainable sources, and is essential for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a standard of power in the metric system, representing the rate of energy movement or conversion. It is equal to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric voltage difference between two points, which pushes the stream of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in V and shows the power per single charge ready to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the derived unit of voltage, voltage difference, and voltage in the International System of Units. It measures the voltage per charge unit between points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric flow is the passage of electricity through a conductor, typically measured in amps. It is necessary for supplying electronic equipment and facilitating the working of electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere serves as the measure of electric current in the International System of Units, symbolized as A. It measures the flow of electrical charge through a wire over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the amount of electrical power or current demanded by devices and electrical load in a circuit. It determines the layout and size of power systems to ensure reliable and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical housing used to protect wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a safe and dependable manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, guaranteeing durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a convenient and consistent method of delivering electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is often used for recharging and feeding a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a unit that converts DC from supplies like cells or solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic gadgets. It allows the application of standard electrical devices in settings where only DC energy is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack is an collection of several individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically regulate the position of photovoltaic panels to track the solar trajectory throughout the daytime, enhancing energy absorption. This system improves the effectiveness of photovoltaic energy harvesting by maintaining ideal solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to maximize the power generation of solar panel setups by regularly modifying the operating point to match the peak power point of the solar cells. This process guarantees the best performance energy harvesting, especially under varying environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by individually tailored improving the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A photovoltaic performance monitor is a tool that observes and analyzes the performance of solar power systems in live, delivering useful data on energy production and system health. It assists optimize solar power generation by detecting problems ahead of time and securing optimal efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are thin, versatile photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are typically used in solar panels to generate electricity for homes, appliances, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of countless small silicon crystal structures, frequently used in solar modules and chip fabrication. Its production involves liquefying and reforming silicon to create a pure, polycrystalline structure suitable for microelectronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a high-purity form of silicon with a continuous crystal framework, making it highly efficient for use in solar cells and electronic components. Its uniform structure allows for enhanced electron transfer, resulting in higher performance compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics are a category of film solar system that presents a economical and effective solution for massive solar energy production. They are known as their great absorption efficiency and relatively affordable manufacturing fees versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are flexible solar cells that employ a layered compound of copper, In, gallium, and selenium to turn sunlight into electricity efficiently. They are known for their great light capturing efficiency, bendability, and capability for portable, economical solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a disordered molecular configuration, making it more adaptable and more straightforward to layer than crystalline silicon. It is frequently used in solar panels and electronic devices due to its cost-effectiveness and flexible characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic cells aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and innovative techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, reducing costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar panels are innovative photovoltaic devices that utilize several p-n junctions arranged in tandem to collect a more extensive spectrum of the solar spectrum, significantly enhancing their efficiency. These are primarily employed in space satellites and high-performance solar power systems due to their outstanding energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels serve as crucial elements that convert solar radiation into electricity to supply onboard equipment. Generally lightweight, durable, and designed to operate efficiently in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metal, used in high-speed electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as laser devices, LEDs, and high-frequency transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound-based semiconductor famous for its high electron mobility and performance in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is often used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics utilize lenses or mirrors to direct sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-layer solar cells, significantly increasing energy transformation efficiency. This approach is ideal for large-scale solar power plants in zones with clear sunlight, providing a affordable solution for large-scale energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Flexible silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and pliant form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a delicate coating of copper indium gallium selenide as the solar semiconductor, known for excellent energy conversion and bendability. They offer a portable, economical alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with reliable operation in various environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a slender layer of material, often measured in nm or micrometers, used in multiple technological fields. These coatings are crucial in electronic devices, light manipulation, and films for their unique physical and chemical features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a eco-friendly and economical energy solution. They help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A coating is a sheet of substance ranging from tiny nanometric scales to a few microns in depth, often applied to surfaces for functional applications. These films are used in multiple sectors, including electronics industry, optics, and medical applications, to change surface traits or develop particular device features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are measurement equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to depict minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are precision devices used to accurately measure minute thicknesses or thicknesses, generally in manufacturing and fabrication. They feature a adjusted screw mechanism that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon wafer is a fine, round piece of silicon crystal used as the foundation for manufacturing semiconductor devices. It acts as the primary material in the fabrication of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are compact solar modules recognized for their high efficiency and flexibility, perfect for multiple fields. They utilize a layered semiconductor structure that turns sunlight immediately into electrical energy with outstanding performance in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a type of silicon used in solar panels, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a grainy appearance. It is noted for being economical and having a moderately high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar PV systems convert sunlight directly into energy using PV cells, offering a sustainable energy source for home, business, and grid applications. They provide a environmentally friendly, long-lasting, and economical way to decrease reliance on fossil fuels and lower CO2 emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that transforms sunlight into electrical energy using a light-sensitive dye to take in light and generate electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and flexible alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for transparent and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This approach offers the potential for cost-effective, flexible, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic PV cells are photoelectric devices that use carbon-based molecules, to transform solar radiation into electricity. They are lightweight, pliable, and enable cost-effective, extensive solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Cu) Zinc Tin Sulfide is a promising photovoltaic compound used in laminate solar modules due to its plentiful and harmless elements. Its superior photo-electronic properties make it an desirable substitute for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of architectural elements, such as roof surfaces, outer walls, and glazing. This modern approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining aesthetic appeal and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to pass through a material bearing minimal distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency permits light to scatter through, obscuring detailed visibility but still allowing shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window tinting involves applying a light film to the interior or exterior of cars or structures glazing to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It enhances privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and gives a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A list of solar power stations overview various extensive solar energy installations around the globe, highlighting their power and locations. These facilities function a important role in green energy generation and international efforts to reduce carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Solar power facilities are large-scale facilities that turn sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. They play a vital role in clean energy production, lessening dependence on non-renewable energy sources, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of issues such as pollution, global warming, and forest loss that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collaborative action to promote sustainable practices and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are constantly replenished, such as solar radiation, breezes, and water. It offers a renewable alternative to fossil fuels, reducing ecological footprint and supporting long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, are finite resources formed over geological eras and are consumed when used. They are the chief energy sources for power production and mobility but pose ecological and environmental and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various power sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable resources into electrical power. This process generally happens in power stations where rotating machinery and generators work together to produce power for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are dense, harmful elements such as plumbum, mercury, metallic cadmium, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness assesses how effectively a solar cell converts sunlight into usable power. Enhancing this efficiency is crucial for maximizing renewable energy generation and cutting reliance on coal and oil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when light shining on a metal ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This occurrence provided significant indication for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that photon energy is quantized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Rapid life testing involves subjecting products to increased stresses to speedily determine their durability and predict their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of photovoltaics has sped up rapidly over the past decade, driven by technological progress and decreasing costs. This development is transforming the international energy scene by increasing the percentage of sustainable solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar refers to large solar power facilities built to generate electricity on a industrial scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover extensive areas and utilize PV modules or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A lens is a see-through device that refracts light to converge or diverge rays, producing images. It is frequently used in devices like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the measure between an approaching light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light behaves with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a delicate film applied to vision surfaces to reduce glare and increase light flow. It enhances the sharpness and illumination of lenses by reducing undesirable reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when two waves meet in such a way that their amplitudes cancel each other out, leading to a reduction or complete elimination of the combined wave. This phenomenon usually happens when these waves are out of phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current refers to an electric current that alternates direction, typically used in power supply systems. Its voltage varies in a sinusoidal pattern over time, enabling effective conveyance over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A microinverter is a miniature entity used to change DC from a individual solar panel into AC suitable for household use. It enhances system performance by enhancing energy production at the module level and streamlines installation and maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or AC power, is electrical power delivered through a setup where the voltage and electric current periodically reverse orientation, enabling cost-effective transmission over vast spans. It is generally used in residences and commercial sectors to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a kind of electrical connector used to supply DC energy from a power source to an electronic device. It typically consists of a round plug and socket that provide a firm and consistent link for different electronic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | UL is a worldwide security certification organization that tests and endorses products to guarantee they adhere to certain protection standards. It supports consumers and firms identify dependable and safe products through rigorous review and examination methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electrical networks in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this configuration, the constant current passes through all parts, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electronic circuits where elements are connected between the same voltage source, offering multiple channels for current flow. This arrangement allows units to operate autonomously, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode acts as a semiconductor device that allows current to pass in a single sense exclusively, acting as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12 volt, designed to provide electrical power for multiple devices and add-ons within a car. It enables users to power electronic electronics or run small appliances while on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for connecting peripheral hardware to computers, enabling data transfer and electric power. It backs a broad spectrum of peripherals such as keypads, mice, external drives, and smartphones, with various generations delivering higher speeds and upgraded functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency is the measure of the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into electrical energy. Enhancing this efficiency is essential to maximizing energy production and making solar power more cost-effective and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to R&D in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It is committed to advancing developments in solar power, wind, biomass energy, and other sustainable energy sources to support a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses the entire range of electromagnetic waves, extending from radio waves to high-energy photons, each with diverse wavelengths and energies. This spectrum is fundamental to numerous technological applications and natural phenomena, allowing signal transmission, healthcare imaging, and understanding of the outer space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a form of EM radiation with a wavelength shorter than visible light but longer than X ray radiation, primarily produced by the sun. It has a important role in including vitamin D production but can also cause skin injury and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color palette based on shades of a sole hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and connexion. This design approach emphasizes clarity and grace by maintaining steady color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the intensity of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, generally measured in watts per sq meter. It is a key parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, indicating the intensity of sunlight hitting a specific surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a unit of measurement used to measure the magnitude of energy or power received or emitted over a defined area, commonly in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in comprehending the distribution and conveyance of radiation across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of different colors or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or alternatively. It is commonly used to describe the dispersion of light or signal frequencies in different scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large volume of atmosphere with relatively consistent thermal and moisture features, originating from particular origin zones. These air masses influence weather systems and atmospheric states as they travel over diverse zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar power is the quantification of the intensity per unit area received from the solar source in the form of solar rays. It fluctuates with solar activity and atmospheric factors on Earth, impacting climate and local weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in solar power refers to the accumulation of dirt, and foreign matter on the exterior of solar arrays, which reduces their output. Routine maintenance and servicing are important to minimize energy loss and maintain best efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage available from a power source when no current is flowing, spanning its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it has been disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the maximum electrical current that travels through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, happens, going around the normal load. It creates a considerable safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a indicator of the peak power capacity of a solar panel under optimal sunlight conditions. It indicates the panel's peak capacity to produce electricity in standard testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an electrical instrument used to measure the voltage between separate points in a electronic circuit. It is frequently utilized in various electrical and electronic applications to ensure proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in solar modules where elevated voltage stress causes a significant reduction in power generation and efficiency. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion migration within the photovoltaic materials, leading to performance deterioration over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a metalloid chemical element necessary for plant development and used in different industrial uses, including glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It has special chemical traits that make it useful in producing durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring optimal tilt and alignment for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand environmental conditions while providing a robust and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant captures sunlight using extensive groups of photovoltaic solar panels to create renewable electricity. It supplies an green energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the combined practice of utilizing land for both solar energy output and cultivation, maximizing space and resources. This strategy enhances crop production while simultaneously generating renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are solar energy devices able to absorb sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, boosting overall energy output. They are commonly positioned in a way that improves effectiveness by leveraging albedo mirroring and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar canopy is a framework that provides shade while producing electricity through built-in solar panels. It is often installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to combine environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel setup is a collection of multiple solar modules arranged to generate electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in green energy setups to deliver renewable, sustainable power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a framework that delivers shade and protection from the conditions for al fresco areas. It boosts the functionality and aesthetic appeal of a courtyard, making it a comfortable area for leisure and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the measurement between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a astronomical body. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to represent the position of objects in the sky relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The azimuth angle is a azimuth measured clockwise from a reference heading, usually true north, to the line linking an observer to a point of interest. It is frequently used in routing, surveying, and celestial observation to define the direction of an target with respect to the observer's position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor substance extensively utilized in thin-film solar cells due to its high efficiency and cost efficiency. It demonstrates excellent optical properties, making it a popular choice for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A list of photovoltaics companies showcases the leading manufacturers and suppliers expert in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions globally. These companies play a crucial role in advancing solar energy adoption and innovation across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a quantity of power equal to a billion W, used to measure large-scale energy generation and consumption. It is commonly associated with power plants, national grids, and major power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar is a global leader in photovoltaic (PV) energy solutions, specializing in making thin film-based solar panels that deliver high-performance and affordable energy production. The company is focused on eco-friendly energy development and cutting down the global dependence on fossil fuels through advanced solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology specializes in seamlessly connecting various elements of factory and automated systems to enhance performance and dependability. It focuses on building innovative solutions that facilitate smooth communication and interoperability among different technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an prominent China's corporation expert in manufacturing and innovating solar-powered solar products and solutions. Famous for state-of-the-art tech and sustainable energy initiatives within the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, often used to indicate the ability of large-scale electricity generation or usage. It highlights the immense power scale involved in current energy framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Knowledge curve effects refer to the effect where the cost per unit of production drops as overall production rises, due to learning and improvements gained over time. This phenomenon highlights the importance of stored knowledge in reducing costs and boosting output in manufacturing and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics turn sunlight immediately into electricity using semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This method is a clean, sustainable energy source that aids cut down reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of producing solar or wind energy is equivalent to or lower than the price of buying power from the power grid. Achieving Grid parity indicates that green energy sources are cost-effectively viable with conventional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the main electrical power supplied to residences and businesses through a grid of power lines, delivering a consistent source of energy for numerous appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the region, and is delivered through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) includes all components of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is vital for securing the optimum and dependable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is absorbed from the solar radiation using solar cells to produce electricity or through thermal solar systems to produce heat. It is a sustainable, eco-friendly, and environmentally friendly source of power that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in home, corporate, and factory sites to create renewable, renewable electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, providing green energy solutions where traditional power grids are unavailable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of solar energy items features a range of tools that utilize sunlight to generate energy, supporting environmentally friendly and eco-conscious living. These solutions include everything from solar chargers and lights to appliances and outdoor equipment, delivering flexible alternatives for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar power plant is a plant that converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a renewable energy source that helps reduce reliance on non-renewable energy and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV use optical lenses or reflectors focusing sunlight onto highly efficient photovoltaic cells, considerably boosting power output from a smaller area. This method is particularly effective where direct, strong sunlight and offers a viable solution to reducing the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
